IoT-Enabled Smart Flooring System for Security and Energy Harvesting

Description

This project integrates security and renewable energy into a single intelligent flooring system.

Introduction

The IoT-Enabled Smart Anti-Theft Flooring with Footstep Energy Harvesting system is based on the fundamental principle of piezoelectricity, combined with embedded systems and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. Piezoelectric materials possess the unique property of generating an electrical charge when mechanical stress or pressure is applied to them. In this system, piezoelectric sensors are strategically embedded beneath the flooring surface so that any human movement, such as walking or stepping, produces measurable electrical signals. These signals serve a dual function: they are utilised both for intrusion detection and energy harvesting, making the system efficient and multifunctional.

When a person steps on the flooring mat, the applied force causes deformation in the piezoelectric sensors, resulting in the generation of electrical voltage pulses. These pulses are first conditioned using rectifier and filtering circuits to make them suitable for further processing. The conditioned signals are then fed to an Arduino microcontroller, which acts as the central control unit of the system. The Arduino continuously monitors the voltage and pulse patterns generated by the piezo sensors and analyses them to determine the nature of the footstep. Normal footsteps exhibit regular pressure patterns, whereas unauthorized intrusions produce irregular or unexpected pressure sequences, enabling the system to distinguish between authorised and unauthorised movement.

For security functionality, once the Arduino identifies a suspicious or unauthorized footstep pattern, it triggers the ESP32-CAM module. The ESP32-CAM is an integrated microcontroller with a built-in camera and Wi-Fi capability. Upon activation, it captures real-time images or video footage of the intrusion area and transmits the data wirelessly to a remote user through a web interface, mobile application, or cloud platform. This provides instant visual verification of the intrusion, enhancing the reliability of the security system compared to traditional alarm-only mechanisms. Alerts can also be generated in the form of notifications, alarms, or status updates on the user’s device.

Simultaneously, the electrical energy generated by the piezoelectric sensors during footsteps is harvested and stored. Since the voltage generated by individual piezo sensors is small and intermittent, multiple sensors are connected in suitable series-parallel configurations to increase the overall output. The harvested energy is passed through a rectifier circuit to convert alternating signals into direct current and then stored in a rechargeable battery system, typically a low-voltage battery bank. A buck-boost converter is employed to regulate and increase the voltage to usable levels, allowing the stored energy to power system components such as the Arduino, ESP32-CAM, LCD display, alarms, or even external loads.

In extended demonstrations, the stored energy can be further utilised by charging a higher-capacity battery, which feeds a DC-to-AC inverter. The inverter converts the stored DC energy into 220V AC power, enabling the operation of household loads such as bulbs or small appliances. This demonstrates the feasibility of converting human footstep energy into practical electrical power, reinforcing the concept of sustainable energy utilisation.

The system also incorporates monitoring and display units such as a 16×2 LCD to show real-time information including footstep count, generated voltage levels, battery status, and system alerts. This provides users with immediate feedback and system transparency. By integrating IoT connectivity, the system allows remote monitoring and control, ensuring that users can supervise security status and power generation from anywhere in the world.

Block Diagram

Problem Addressed

Traditional systems suffer from:

• High power dependency

• Visible sensors that can be bypassed

• Wasted human mechanical energy

• Separate infrastructure for security and power

This system solves:

• Hidden intrusion detection

• Real-time visual verification

• Local renewable power generation

• Reduced operational energy cost

Objectives

• Detect unauthorized access using piezoelectric flooring

• Capture visual evidence using ESP32-CAM

• Send real-time alerts via IoT

• Harvest footstep energy and store it efficiently

• Reuse harvested power for:

  • System operation

  • Lighting

  • Mobile charging

• Demonstrate sustainable, self-powered security

Hardware Components

• Arduino UNO

• Piezoelectric Sensor Array

• ESP32-CAM Module

• ESP8266 Wi-Fi

• Battery Pack (3.7v & 11.7v)

• Buck-Boost Converter

• DC-AC Inverter (220V Application)

• 16×2 LCD Display

• Servo 9g (5V)

• Alarm: Buzzer

• Indicator

• Voltage Regulator (7805)

• Switches, Diodes, Jumpers

Methodology

The IoT-Based Anti-Theft Flooring System using Arduino detects unauthorized access by sensing footstep pressure through embedded piezoelectric sensors installed beneath the floor surface. The Arduino UNO processes real-time footstep signals to identify intrusion patterns. Upon detection, the ESP32-CAM module captures images or streams live video of the intruder and sends instant alerts via Wi-Fi.

Using the RemoteXY IoT mobile application, users can remotely open or close the door motor, monitor system status, and control security features in real time. When a person stands on the piezoelectric floor mat, the system activates a buzzer alert through the mobile app and simultaneously provides live video streaming from the ESP32-CAM, enabling immediate visual verification of the intrusion.

This project integrates security and renewable energy into a single intelligent flooring system.

The same piezoelectric sensors embedded beneath the floor serve dual purposes:

1. Detecting unauthorized human movement (anti-theft)

2. Harvesting electrical energy from footsteps

When a person steps on the flooring:

• Piezo sensors generate electrical signals.

• Arduino analyses pressure patterns.

• If the pattern matches intrusion behaviour:

  • ESP32-CAM captures images/video.

  • Alerts are sent via Wi-Fi.

• Simultaneously, generated energy is:

  • Rectified

  • Stored in batteries

  • Boosted and reused to power system components or external loads.

This results in a self-powered smart security floor, ideal for smart homes, banks, museums, warehouses, and public infrastructure.

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🔖 Technical & IEEE-Style Project Titles

• Design and Implementation of an IoT-Enabled Smart Anti-Theft Mat Using ESP32-CAM and Piezo Sensors

• A Low-Cost IoT-Based Intrusion Detection Mat Using Arduino and Piezoelectric Sensing

• Real-Time Intrusion Monitoring System Using ESP32-CAM and Piezo Sensors for Smart Security Applications

• Smart Floor Mat for Theft Detection Using Arduino, ESP32-CAM, and IoT Connectivity

• IoT-Based Anti-Theft Pressure Mat for Real-Time Surveillance and Alerting

• Intelligent Footstep Detection System Using Piezo Sensors and ESP32-CAM for Security Enhancement

• Wireless Anti-Theft Floor Mat Using Arduino and ESP32 for Real-Time Image-Based Intrusion Alerts

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Contact us:
👨🏼‍🏭 Dr. Vipin Kumar Sharma
🎓 Ph.D., M.Tech, B.Tech (ECE), C.E, D.E NS.
👨‍🏫 Lecturer | 🚀 Researcher | 🤖 Robotics | 🌐 IoT

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