2D CNC Plotter Machine using Arduino

Description

📘Introduction

The Arduino-based 2D CNC Plotter Machine is a compact and highly efficient system designed for high-accuracy drawing, plotting, and prototyping work. It incorporates the concept of computer numerical control (CNC) and the flexibility of Arduino microcontrollers, offering a low-cost and open-source creativity and automation platform. Two stepper motors are employed on the X and Y-axis movement, and the vertical motion of the pen is controlled by a servo motor, enabling accurate two-dimensional plotting on paper or analog surfaces. The machine renders vector drawings on the computer into physical, tangible world-line art by translating G-code instructions into precise motor movement. Because the Arduino-based CNC plotter is affordable, scalable, and flexible, students, makers, artists, and engineers can get the best out of the tool. It is possible to have full hardware and software customization compared to commercial products, and users can experiment with motor speed, control the pen, and plot dimensions. By employing motor drivers, battery-powered supply, and Arduino firmware, the CNC plotter converts simple sketches into automated mechanical precision drawings, integrating creativity and engineering automation. One of the key advantages of the Arduino CNC Plotter is its affordability, as it can be built using readily available and cost-effective components. Additionally, its open-source nature empowers users to customize and modify the machine according to their specific needs, enabling endless possibilities for creative expression. With its user-friendly interface and precise motor control, the Arduino CNC Plotter offers exceptional accuracy and repeatability, making it an ideal choice for artists, designers, and hobbyists. Whether used for drafting, signage, or artistic purposes, the Arduino CNC Plotter provides an accessible and flexible solution that revolutionizes the way we bring ideas to life on paper.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

Block Diagram : 2D Mini CNC PLOTTER using ARDUINO

Hardware Components Required

1. Arduino Uno – The main microcontroller board that controls all movements and interprets G-code instructions.
2. Stepper Motors (2x) – Used for precise movement along the X and Y axes for plotting.
3. Servo Motor (1x) – Controls the vertical movement of the pen (pen-up and pen-down actions).
4. Motor Driver Modules (2x) – Typically L293D or A4988 drivers to control the stepper motors efficiently.
5. Power Supply – A regulated DC adapter or rechargeable battery to power the entire system.
6. Jumper Wires – For making electrical connections between Arduino, drivers, and motors.
7. Pen Holder Assembly – A mechanical mount for holding the drawing pen connected to the servo motor.
8. Mechanical Frame – Made from acrylic, wood, or aluminium to hold and align all components.
9. Connecting Rods and Screws – To assemble and stabilise the moving parts.
10. Breadboard (optional) – For easy prototyping and circuit testing.
11. USB Cable – For programming and communication between Arduino and computer.
12. Laptop/PC – To generate and send G-code files using software such as Universal G-code Sender (UGS) or Inkscape with GRBL extension.

SOFTWARE

1. ARDUINO IDE
2. EMBEDDED C

Methodologies

The development of the Arduino CNC Plotter Machine involves a systematic methodology that integrates both hardware assembly and software programming. The process begins with mechanical construction, where two stepper motors are mounted on the X and Y axes to move the pen carriage. The servo motor is positioned vertically to lift and lower the pen during drawing operations, simulating the “pen-up” and “pen-down” states. Motor drivers (L293D or A4988) are interfaced with the Arduino Uno, which serves as the central control unit. The Arduino receives G-code commands—a standard language for CNC machines—either from a computer or SD card. These commands are translated into motor control signals using a CNC shield or custom driver circuit. The firmware interprets coordinate instructions, synchronising the stepper motor pulses to achieve smooth, accurate plotting. The power supply (battery or DC adapter) ensures stable voltage and current delivery to all components. The software setup includes the GRBL firmware uploaded to the Arduino, and control programs like Universal G-code Sender (UGS) to send designs to the machine. Testing and calibration phases are then performed to fine-tune motor steps per millimetre, servo angles, and plotting dimensions. The final system demonstrates consistent accuracy, repeatability, and low noise, effectively replicating computer-generated drawings on physical media.

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👨🏼‍🏭Dr. Vipin Kumar Sharma
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🎓Lecturer 🚀#Researcher #Drone #Robotics

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